Time-dependent FTIR spectral changes in rats of massive hemorrhage death during the later postmortem period / 法医学杂志

The aim of the current study was to investigate the spectra in the different organs of the rats which died of massive hemorrhage; to explore their spectral changes 15 days postmortem and the best mathematical model with different band absorption ratio changes to postmortem interval(PMI); and to compare the spectral changes of different temperature. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were sacrificed by cutting abdominal aorta, and the cadavers were divided equally and kept at 4 degrees C, 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C in the control chamber. From the same rat, seven different organs were sampled at intervals of 1-15 days postmortem, and then measured by Fourier transfom infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. Six mathematical model functions were explored. The absorbance of bands and band absorbance ratios of absorption peak in each organ showed a time-dependent increase or decrease, most band absorbance ratios remaining stable for 7-15 days postmortem. Cubic model functions of the various bands absorbance ratios against PMI showed a stronger related coefficient. The absorbance bands with obvious changes at 20 degrees C showed stabilized tendencies at 4 degrees C and significant changes at 30 degrees C within 15 days postmortem. In addition, FTIR spectroscopy revealed a time-dependent metabolic process, with potential of being used to estimate PMI during 7 days postmortem, which merits further investigation.

Differential diagnosis in primary and metastatic cutaneous melanoma by FT-Raman spectroscopy / Diagnóstico diferencial no melanoma primário e metastático por espectroscopia FT-Raman

PURPOSE: To qualify the FT-Raman spectral data of primary and metastatic cutaneous melanoma in order to obtain a differential diagnosis. METHODS: Ten normal human skin samples without any clinical or histopathological alterations, ten cutaneous melanoma fragments, and nine lymph node metastasis samples were used; 105, 140 and 126 spectra were obtained respectively. Each sample was divided into 2 or 3 fragments of approximately 2 mm³ and positioned in the Raman spectrometer sample holder in order to obtain the spectra; a monochrome laser light Nd:YAG at 1064 nm was used to excite the inelastic effect. RESULTS: To differentiate the three histopathological groups according to their characteristics extracted from the spectra, data discriminative analysis was undertaken. Phenylalanine, DNA, and Amide-I spectral variables stood out in the differentiation of the three groups. The percentages of correctly classified groups based on Phenylalanine, DNA, and Amide-I spectral features was 93.1 percent. CONCLUSION: FT-Raman spectroscopy is capable of differentiating melanoma from its metastasis, as well as from normal skin.

OBJETIVO: Qualificar os dados espectrais FT-Raman do melanoma cutâneo primário e metastático e assim realizar o diagnóstico diferencial. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas amostras de 10 fragmentos de pele sem alterações clínicas ou histopatológicas, 10 de melanomas cutâneos e 9 de metástases linfonodais; 105, 140 and 126 espectros foram obtidos respectivamente. Cada amostra foi dividida em 2 ou 3 frações de 2 mm³ e posicionada no porta amostras do espectrômetro Raman para obtenção dos espectros, por meio da excitação do espalhamento inelástico pelo laser de Nd:YAG em 1064 nm incididos na amostra. RESULTADOS: Para diferenciar os três grupos formados de acordo com as características fornecidas pelos espectros, realizamos a análise discriminante dos dados. As variáveis espectrais Fenilalanina, DNA e Amida-I se destacaram na capacidade de diferenciação dos três grupos histológicos. A porcentagem de classificação correta utilizando estes critérios foi de 93,1 por cento; o que mostra a eficiência da análise realizada. CONCLUSÃO: A espectroscopia FT-Raman é capaz de diferenciar o melanoma de sua metástase, assim como da pele normal.

Ropivacaine 0.2% pharm following caudal block in children

Ropivacaine is a long -acting amide local anasetheic that is available as a pure S-enantiomer.Several clinical studies have shown that ropivacaine is a suitable drug for epidural anaesthesia [1]. There has little published on the use of caudally administered ropivacaine in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine after caudal block in children, comparing infants [children aged between I and 5 years]. Thirty male children as a grade 1 and scheduled for subumblical surgery were enrolled in this prospective study after informed parent consent. The children were grouped according to age [15 [infant] aged less than 1 year and 15 [toddlers] aged 1-5 years. After induction of general anaesthesia .caudal epidural injection using ropivacaine 0.2% 1 ml/kg was performed .Plasma concentrations of ropivacaine in the first 2 hours after injection were determined by reversed -phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. Caudal blockade with ropivacaine 2mg/ml resulted in mean [ +/- SD] peak plasma concentrations of 0.69 micro g/ml [ +/- 0.29] in infants and 0.46 micro g/ml [ +/- 0.23] in toddlers [p<0.01].Maximum plasma concentrations occurred after a median range period of 60 [15-90] minutes and 53 [30-120] in infants and toddlers respectively. No clinical signs of local anaesthetic toxicity were observed. The results of the present study suggest that, caudal blockade using ropivacaine 0.2% 1mI/kg, from a pharmacokinetic point of view, can be considered a safe technique in children i.e.in infants as well as in toddlers

Colorimetric and fluorimetric assay of azintamide in pharmaceutical formulations

Simple, accurate and sensitive colorimetric and fluorimetric methods are described for the determination of the choleretic drug azintamide. The colorimetric methods are based on thionine formation, a blue colored compound, absorbing maximally at 600 nm. Thionine is formed by heating acidic azintamide solution with zinc powder in presence of p-phenylenediamine and then addition of iron [3] ammonium sulfate solution. The fluorimetric method is based on measurement of the previously formed thionine after extraction with n-butanol at 550 and 620 nm excitation and emission wave lengths, respectively. The colorimetric and fluorimetric methods were applicable over the concentration ranges of 50-250 and 10-50 ug ml-1, respectively. These methods were further applied for analysis of azintamide in pharmaceutical preparations and the results were in agreement with those obtained from direct UV spectrophotometric method